2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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comments: true
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---
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# 数组
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「数组 Array」是一种将 **相同类型元素** 存储在 **连续内存空间** 的数据结构,将元素在数组中的位置称为元素的「索引 Index」。
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![array_definition](array.assets/array_definition.png)
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2022-11-23 07:50:59 +00:00
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<p align="center"> Fig. 数组定义与存储方式 </p>
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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!!! note
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观察上图,我们发现 **数组首元素的索引为 $0$** 。你可能会想,这并不符合日常习惯,首个元素的索引为什么不是 $1$ 呢,这不是更加自然吗?我认同你的想法,但请先记住这个设定,后面讲内存地址计算时,我会尝试解答这个问题。
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**数组有多种初始化写法。** 根据实际需要,选代码最短的那一种就好。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 初始化数组 */
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int* arr = new int[5];
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int* nums = new int[5] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
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""" 初始化数组 """
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arr = [0] * 5 # [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
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nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
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var arr = new Array(5).fill(0);
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var nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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/* 初始化数组 */
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let arr: number[] = new Array(5).fill(0);
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let nums: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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## 数组优点
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**在数组中访问元素非常高效。** 这是因为在数组中,计算元素的内存地址非常容易。给定数组首个元素的地址、和一个元素的索引,利用以下公式可以直接计算得到该元素的内存地址,从而直接访问此元素。
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![array_memory_location_calculation](array.assets/array_memory_location_calculation.png)
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2022-11-23 07:50:59 +00:00
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<p align="center"> Fig. 数组元素的内存地址计算 </p>
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```java title=""
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// 元素内存地址 = 数组内存地址 + 元素长度 * 元素索引
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elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
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```
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**为什么数组元素索引从 0 开始编号?** 根据地址计算公式,**索引本质上表示的是内存地址偏移量**,首个元素的地址偏移量是 $0$ ,那么索引是 $0$ 也就很自然了。
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访问元素的高效性带来了许多便利。例如,我们可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内随机获取一个数组中的元素。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
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int randomAccess(int[] nums) {
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int randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().
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nextInt(0, nums.length);
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
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int randomAccess(int* nums, int size) {
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// 在区间 [0, size) 中随机抽取一个数字
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int randomIndex = rand() % size;
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
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""" 随机访问元素 """
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def randomAccess(nums):
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# 在区间 [0, len(nums)) 中随机抽取一个数字
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random_index = random.randint(0, len(nums))
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# 获取并返回随机元素
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random_num = nums[random_index]
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return random_num
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
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2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
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function randomAccess(nums) {
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
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const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length);
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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const random_num = nums[random_index];
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return random_num;
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
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function randomAccess(nums: number[]): number {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length);
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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const random_num = nums[random_index];
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return random_num;
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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}
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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## 数组缺点
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**数组在初始化后长度不可变。** 由于系统无法保证数组之后的内存空间是可用的,因此数组长度无法扩展。而若希望扩容数组,则需新建一个数组,然后把原数组元素依次拷贝到新数组,在数组很大的情况下,这是非常耗时的。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 扩展数组长度 */
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int[] extend(int[] nums, int enlarge) {
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// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
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int[] res = new int[nums.length + enlarge];
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// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回扩展后的新数组
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 扩展数组长度 */
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int* extend(int* nums, int size, int enlarge) {
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// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
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int* res = new int[size + enlarge];
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// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回扩展后的新数组
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return res;
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}
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
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""" 扩展数组长度 """
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2022-11-27 12:00:03 +00:00
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# 请注意,Python 的 list 是动态数组,可以直接扩展
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# 为了方便学习,本函数将 list 看作是长度不可变的数组
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def extend(nums, enlarge):
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# 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
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res = [0] * (len(nums) + enlarge)
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# 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
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for i in range(len(nums)):
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res[i] = nums[i]
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# 返回扩展后的新数组
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return res
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 扩展数组长度 */
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function extend(nums, enlarge) {
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// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
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const res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0);
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// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回扩展后的新数组
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2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
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return res;
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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/* 扩展数组长度 */
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function extend(nums: number[], enlarge: number): number[] {
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// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
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const res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0);
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
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2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回扩展后的新数组
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2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
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return res;
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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}
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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|
|
|
**数组中插入或删除元素效率低下。** 假设我们想要在数组中间某位置插入一个元素,由于数组元素在内存中是 “紧挨着的” ,它们之间没有空间再放任何数据。因此,我们不得不将此索引之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,然后再把元素赋值给该索引。删除元素也是类似,需要把此索引之后的元素都向前移动一位。总体看有以下缺点:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **时间复杂度高:** 数组的插入和删除的平均时间复杂度均为 $O(N)$ ,其中 $N$ 为数组长度。
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- **丢失元素:** 由于数组的长度不可变,因此在插入元素后,超出数组长度范围的元素会被丢失。
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- **内存浪费:** 我们一般会初始化一个比较长的数组,只用前面一部分,这样在插入数据时,丢失的末尾元素都是我们不关心的,但这样做同时也会造成内存空间的浪费。
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|
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|
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|
|
![array_insert_remove_element](array.assets/array_insert_remove_element.png)
|
|
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|
|
|
2022-11-23 07:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> Fig. 在数组中插入与删除元素 </p>
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int[] nums, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int[] nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int* nums, int size, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int* nums, int size, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num """
|
|
|
|
|
def insert(nums, num, index):
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index - 1, -1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
# 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 删除索引 index 处元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(nums, index):
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums, num, index) {
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums, index) {
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums: number[], num: number, index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums: number[], index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
## 数组常用操作
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**数组遍历。** 以下介绍两种常用的遍历方法。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
void traverse(int[] nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
void traverse(int* nums, int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 遍历数组 """
|
|
|
|
|
def traverse(nums):
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
# 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
|
|
# 直接遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for num in nums:
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
function traverse(nums) {
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
for (let num of nums) {
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
function traverse(nums: number[]): void {
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for(let num of nums){
|
2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
**数组查找。** 通过遍历数组,查找数组内的指定元素,并输出对应索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int[] nums, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int* nums, int size, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 在数组中查找指定元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def find(nums, target):
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[i] == target:
|
|
|
|
|
return i
|
|
|
|
|
return -1
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
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2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
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function find(nums, target) {
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
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if (nums[i] == target) return i;
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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}
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2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
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return -1;
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
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function find(nums: number[], target: number): number {
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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if (nums[i] === target) {
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2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
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return i;
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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}
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}
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2022-12-12 13:25:07 +00:00
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return -1;
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2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
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}
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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## 数组典型应用
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**随机访问。** 如果我们想要随机抽取一些样本,那么可以用数组存储,并生成一个随机序列,根据索引实现样本的随机抽取。
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**二分查找。** 例如前文查字典的例子,我们可以将字典中的所有字按照拼音顺序存储在数组中,然后使用与日常查纸质字典相同的 “翻开中间,排除一半” 的方式,来实现一个查电子字典的算法。
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**深度学习。** 神经网络中大量使用了向量、矩阵、张量之间的线性代数运算,这些数据都是以数组的形式构建的。数组是神经网络编程中最常使用的数据结构。
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