Merge pull request #68 from mgisr/master

Create 'avl_tree' and modify 'TreeNode.hpp' to support 'avl_tree'
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Yudong Jin 2022-12-11 02:33:20 +08:00 committed by GitHub
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/*
* File: avl_tree.cpp
* Created Time: 2022-12-2
* Author: mgisr (maguagua0706@gmail.com)
*/
#include "../include/include.hpp"
class AvlTree {
private:
TreeNode *root{};
static bool isBalance(const TreeNode *p);
static int getBalanceFactor(const TreeNode *p);
static void updateHeight(TreeNode *p);
void fixBalance(TreeNode *p);
static bool isLeftChild(const TreeNode *p);
static TreeNode *&fromParentTo(TreeNode *node);
public:
AvlTree() = default;
AvlTree(const AvlTree &p) = default;
const TreeNode *search(int val);
bool insert(int val);
bool remove(int val);
void printTree();
};
// 判断该结点是否平衡
bool AvlTree::isBalance(const TreeNode *p) {
int balance_factor = getBalanceFactor(p);
if (-1 <= balance_factor && balance_factor <= 1) { return true; }
else { return false; }
}
// 获取当前结点的平衡因子
int AvlTree::getBalanceFactor(const TreeNode *p) {
if (p->left == nullptr && p->right == nullptr) { return 0; }
else if (p->left == nullptr) { return (-1 - p->right->height); }
else if (p->right == nullptr) { return p->left->height + 1; }
else { return p->left->height - p->right->height; }
}
// 更新结点高度
void AvlTree::updateHeight(TreeNode *p) {
if (p->left == nullptr && p->right == nullptr) { p->height = 0; }
else if (p->left == nullptr) { p->height = p->right->height + 1; }
else if (p->right == nullptr) { p->height = p->left->height + 1; }
else { p->height = std::max(p->left->height, p->right->height) + 1; }
}
void AvlTree::fixBalance(TreeNode *p) {
// 左旋操作
auto rotate_left = [&](TreeNode *node) -> TreeNode * {
TreeNode *temp = node->right;
temp->parent = p->parent;
node->right = temp->left;
if (temp->left != nullptr) {
temp->left->parent = node;
}
temp->left = node;
node->parent = temp;
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(temp);
return temp;
};
// 右旋操作
auto rotate_right = [&](TreeNode *node) -> TreeNode * {
TreeNode *temp = node->left;
temp->parent = p->parent;
node->left = temp->right;
if (temp->right != nullptr) {
temp->right->parent = node;
}
temp->right = node;
node->parent = temp;
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(temp);
return temp;
};
// 根据规则选取旋转方式
if (getBalanceFactor(p) > 1) {
if (getBalanceFactor(p->left) > 0) {
if (p->parent == nullptr) { root = rotate_right(p); }
else { fromParentTo(p) = rotate_right(p); }
} else {
p->left = rotate_left(p->left);
if (p->parent == nullptr) { root = rotate_right(p); }
else { fromParentTo(p) = rotate_right(p); }
}
} else {
if (getBalanceFactor(p->right) < 0) {
if (p->parent == nullptr) { root = rotate_left(p); }
else { fromParentTo(p) = rotate_left(p); }
} else {
p->right = rotate_right(p->right);
if (p->parent == nullptr) { root = rotate_left(p); }
else { fromParentTo(p) = rotate_left(p); }
}
}
}
// 判断当前结点是否为其父节点的左孩子
bool AvlTree::isLeftChild(const TreeNode *p) {
if (p->parent == nullptr) { return false; }
return (p->parent->left == p);
}
// 返回父节点指向当前结点指针的引用
TreeNode *&AvlTree::fromParentTo(TreeNode *node) {
if (isLeftChild(node)) { return node->parent->left; }
else { return node->parent->right; }
}
const TreeNode *AvlTree::search(int val) {
TreeNode *p = root;
while (p != nullptr) {
if (p->val == val) { return p; }
else if (p->val > val) { p = p->left; }
else { p = p->right; }
}
return nullptr;
}
bool AvlTree::insert(int val) {
TreeNode *p = root;
if (p == nullptr) {
root = new TreeNode(val);
return true;
}
for (;;) {
if (p->val == val) { return false; }
else if (p->val > val) {
if (p->left == nullptr) {
p->left = new TreeNode(val, p);
break;
} else {
p = p->left;
}
} else {
if (p->right == nullptr) {
p->right = new TreeNode(val, p);
break;
} else {
p = p->right;
}
}
}
for (; p != nullptr; p = p->parent) {
if (!isBalance(p)) {
fixBalance(p);
break;
} else { updateHeight(p); }
}
return true;
}
bool AvlTree::remove(int val) {
TreeNode *p = root;
if (p == nullptr) { return false; }
while (p != nullptr) {
if (p->val == val) {
TreeNode *real_delete_node = p;
TreeNode *next_node;
if (p->left == nullptr) {
next_node = p->right;
if (p->parent == nullptr) { root = next_node; }
else { fromParentTo(p) = next_node; }
} else if (p->right == nullptr) {
next_node = p->left;
if (p->parent == nullptr) { root = next_node; }
else { fromParentTo(p) = next_node; }
} else {
while (real_delete_node->left != nullptr) {
real_delete_node = real_delete_node->left;
}
std::swap(p->val, real_delete_node->val);
next_node = real_delete_node->right;
if (real_delete_node->parent == p) { p->right = next_node; }
else { real_delete_node->parent->left = next_node; }
}
if (next_node != nullptr) {
next_node->parent = real_delete_node->parent;
}
for (p = real_delete_node; p != nullptr; p = p->parent) {
if (!isBalance(p)) { fixBalance(p); }
updateHeight(p);
}
delete real_delete_node;
return true;
} else if (p->val > val) {
p = p->left;
} else {
p = p->right;
}
}
return false;
}
void inOrder(const TreeNode *root) {
if (root == nullptr) return;
inOrder(root->left);
cout << root->val << ' ';
inOrder(root->right);
}
void AvlTree::printTree() {
inOrder(root);
cout << endl;
}
int main() {
AvlTree tree = AvlTree();
// tree.insert(13);
// tree.insert(24);
// tree.insert(37);
// tree.insert(90);
// tree.insert(53);
tree.insert(53);
tree.insert(90);
tree.insert(37);
tree.insert(24);
tree.insert(13);
tree.remove(90);
tree.printTree();
const TreeNode *p = tree.search(37);
cout << p->val;
return 0;
}

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*
*/
struct TreeNode {
int val;
TreeNode *left;
TreeNode *right;
TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
int val{};
int height = 0;
TreeNode *parent{};
TreeNode *left{};
TreeNode *right{};
TreeNode() = default;
explicit TreeNode(int x, TreeNode *parent = nullptr) : val(x), parent(parent) {}
};
/**

0
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# AVL 树
在「二叉搜索树」章节中提到,在进行多次插入与删除操作后,二叉搜索树可能会退化为链表。此时所有操作的时间复杂度都会由 $O(\log n)$ 劣化至 $O(n)$ 。
如下图所示,执行两步删除结点后,该二叉搜索树就会退化为链表。
![degradation_from_removing_node](avl_tree.assets/degradation_from_removing_node.png)
再比如,在以下完美二叉树中插入两个结点后,树严重向左偏斜,查找操作的时间复杂度也随之发生劣化。
![degradation_from_inserting_node](avl_tree.assets/degradation_from_inserting_node.png)
G. M. Adelson-Velsky 和 E. M. Landis 在其 1962 年发表的论文 "An algorithm for the organization of information" 中提出了「AVL 树」。**论文中描述了一系列操作使得在不断添加与删除结点后AVL 树仍然不会发生退化**,进而使得各种操作的时间复杂度均能保持在 $O(\log n)$ 级别。
换言之在频繁增删查改的使用场景中AVL 树可始终保持很高的数据增删查改效率,具有很好的应用价值。
## AVL 树常见术语
「AVL 树」既是「二叉搜索树」又是「平衡二叉树」,同时满足这两种二叉树的所有性质,因此又被称为「平衡二叉搜索树」。
### 结点高度
在 AVL 树的操作中,需要获取结点「高度 Height」所以给 AVL 树的结点类添加 `height` 变量。
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* AVL 树结点类 */
class TreeNode {
public int val; // 结点值
public int height; // 结点高度
public TreeNode left; // 左子结点
public TreeNode right; // 右子结点
public TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
「结点高度」是最远叶结点到该结点的距离,即走过的「边」的数量。需要特别注意,**叶结点的高度为 0 ,空结点的高度为 -1** 。我们封装两个工具函数,分别用于获取与更新结点的高度。
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* 获取结点高度 */
int height(TreeNode node) {
// 空结点高度为 -1 ,叶结点高度为 0
return node == null ? -1 : node.height;
}
/* 更新结点高度 */
void updateHeight(TreeNode node) {
// 结点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1
node.height = Math.max(height(node.left), height(node.right)) + 1;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
### 结点平衡因子
结点的「平衡因子 Balance Factor」是 **结点的左子树高度减去右子树高度**,并定义空结点的平衡因子为 0 。同样地,我们将获取结点平衡因子封装成函数,以便后续使用。
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* 获取结点平衡因子 */
public int balanceFactor(TreeNode node) {
// 空结点平衡因子为 0
if (node == null) return 0;
// 结点平衡因子 = 左子树高度 - 右子树高度
return height(node.left) - height(node.right);
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
!!! note
设平衡因子为 $f$ ,则一棵 AVL 树的任意结点的平衡因子皆满足 $-1 \le f \le 1$ 。
## AVL 树旋转
AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作其可 **在不影响二叉树中序遍历序列的前提下,使失衡结点重新恢复平衡。** 换言之,旋转操作既可以使树保持为「二叉搜索树」,也可以使树重新恢复为「平衡二叉树」。
我们将平衡因子的绝对值 $> 1$ 的结点称为「失衡结点」。根据结点的失衡情况,旋转操作分为 **右旋、左旋、先右旋后左旋、先左旋后右旋**,接下来我们来一起来看看它们是如何操作的。
### Case 1 - 右旋
如下图所示(结点下方为「平衡因子」),从底至顶看,二叉树中首个失衡结点是 **结点 2** 。我们聚焦在以结点 2 为根结点的子树上,将该结点记为 `node` ,将其左子节点记为 `child` ,执行「右旋」操作。完成右旋后,该子树已经恢复平衡,并且仍然为二叉搜索树。
=== "Step 1"
![right_rotate_step1](avl_tree.assets/right_rotate_step1.png)
=== "Step 2"
![right_rotate_step2](avl_tree.assets/right_rotate_step2.png)
=== "Step 3"
![right_rotate_step3](avl_tree.assets/right_rotate_step3.png)
=== "Step 4"
![right_rotate_step4](avl_tree.assets/right_rotate_step4.png)
进而,如果结点 `child` 本身有右子结点(记为 `grandChild`),则需要在「右旋」中添加一步:将 `grandChild` 作为 `node` 的左子结点。
![right_rotate_with_grandchild](avl_tree.assets/right_rotate_with_grandchild.png)
“向右旋转” 是一种形象化的说法,实际需要通过修改结点指针实现,代码如下所示。
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* 右旋操作 */
TreeNode rightRotate(TreeNode node) {
TreeNode child = node.left;
TreeNode grandChild = child.right;
// 以 child 为原点,将 node 向右旋转
child.right = node;
node.left = grandChild;
// 更新结点高度
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(child);
// 返回旋转后的根节点
return child;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
### Case 2 - 左旋
类似地,如果将取上述失衡二叉树的 “镜像” ,那么则需要「左旋」操作。观察发现,**「左旋」和「右旋」操作是镜像对称的,两者对应解决的两种失衡情况也是对称的**,这说明两种旋转操作本质上是一样的。
![left_rotate_with_grandchild](avl_tree.assets/left_rotate_with_grandchild.png)
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* 左旋操作 */
private TreeNode leftRotate(TreeNode node) {
TreeNode child = node.right;
TreeNode grandChild = child.left;
// 以 child 为原点,将 node 向左旋转
child.left = node;
node.right = grandChild;
// 更新结点高度
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(child);
// 返回旋转后的根节点
return child;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
### Case 3 - 先左后右
对于下图的失衡结点 3 **单一使用左旋或右旋都无法使子树恢复平衡**,此时需要「先左旋后右旋」,即先对 `child` 执行「左旋」,再对 `node` 执行「右旋」。
![left_right_rotate](avl_tree.assets/left_right_rotate.png)
### Case 4 - 先右后左
同理,取以上失衡二叉树的镜像,则需要「先右旋后左旋」,即先对 `child` 执行「右旋」,然后对 `node` 执行「左旋」。
![right_left_rotate](avl_tree.assets/right_left_rotate.png)
### 旋转的选择
下图总结了以上四种失衡情况,分别采用右旋、左旋、先右后左、先左后右的旋转组合。
![rotation_cases](avl_tree.assets/rotation_cases.png)
具体地,需要使用 **失衡结点的平衡因子、较高一侧子结点的平衡因子** 来确定失衡结点属于上图中的哪种情况。
<div class="center-table" markdown>
| 失衡结点的平衡因子 | 子结点的平衡因子 | 应采用的旋转方法 |
| ------------------ | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| $>0$ (即左偏树) | $\geq 0$ | 右旋 |
| $>0$ (即左偏树) | $<0$ | 先左旋后右旋 |
| $<0$ 即右偏树 | $\leq 0$ | 左旋 |
| $<0$ 即右偏树 | $>0$ | 先右旋后左旋 |
</div>
下面,将旋转操作封装成一个函数。至此,**我们可以通过此函数来处理所有类型的失衡结点,使之恢复平衡**。
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
TreeNode rotate(TreeNode node) {
// 获取结点 node 的平衡因子
int balanceFactor = balanceFactor(node);
// 左偏树
if (balanceFactor > 1) {
if (balanceFactor(node.left) >= 0) {
// 右旋
return rightRotate(node);
} else {
// 先左旋后右旋
node.left = leftRotate(node.left);
return rightRotate(node);
}
}
// 右偏树
if (balanceFactor < -1) {
if (balanceFactor(node.right) <= 0) {
// 左旋
return leftRotate(node);
} else {
// 先右旋后左旋
node.right = rightRotate(node.right);
return leftRotate(node);
}
}
// 平衡树,无需旋转,直接返回
return node;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
## AVL 树常用操作
### 插入结点
「AVL 树」的结点插入操作与「二叉搜索树」主体类似。不同的是,在插入结点后,从该结点到根结点的路径上会出现「失衡结点」。所以,**我们需要从该结点开始,从底至顶地执行旋转操作,使所有失衡结点恢复平衡**。
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* 插入结点 */
TreeNode insert(int val) {
root = insertHelper(root, val);
return root;
}
/* 递归插入结点(辅助函数) */
TreeNode insertHelper(TreeNode node, int val) {
if (node == null) return new TreeNode(val);
/* 1. 查找插入位置,并插入结点 */
if (val < node.val)
node.left = insertHelper(node.left, val);
else if (val > node.val)
node.right = insertHelper(node.right, val);
else
return node; // 重复结点不插入,直接返回
updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度
/* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
node = rotate(node);
// 返回子树的根节点
return node;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
### 删除结点
「AVL 树」删除结点操作与「二叉搜索树」删除结点操作总体相同。类似地,**在删除结点后,也需要从底至顶地执行旋转操作,使所有失衡结点恢复平衡**。
=== "Java"
```java title="avl_tree.java"
/* 删除结点 */
TreeNode remove(int val) {
root = removeHelper(root, val);
return root;
}
/* 递归删除结点(辅助函数) */
TreeNode removeHelper(TreeNode node, int val) {
if (node == null) return null;
/* 1. 查找结点,并删除之 */
if (val < node.val)
node.left = removeHelper(node.left, val);
else if (val > node.val)
node.right = removeHelper(node.right, val);
else {
if (node.left == null || node.right == null) {
TreeNode child = node.left != null ? node.left : node.right;
// 子结点数量 = 0 ,直接删除 node 并返回
if (child == null)
return null;
// 子结点数量 = 1 ,直接删除 node
else
node = child;
} else {
// 子结点数量 = 2 ,则将中序遍历的下个结点删除,并用该结点替换当前结点
TreeNode temp = minNode(node.right);
node.right = removeHelper(node.right, temp.val);
node.val = temp.val;
}
}
updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度
/* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
node = rotate(node);
// 返回子树的根节点
return node;
}
/* 获取最小结点 */
TreeNode minNode(TreeNode node) {
if (node == null) return node;
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
while (node.left != null) {
node = node.left;
}
return node;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp"
```
=== "Python"
```python title="avl_tree.py"
```
=== "Go"
```go title="avl_tree.go"
```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title="avl_tree.js"
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="avl_tree.ts"
```
=== "C"
```c title="avl_tree.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="avl_tree.cs"
```
### 查找结点
「AVL 树」的结点查找操作与「二叉搜索树」一致,在此不再赘述。

View File

@ -154,6 +154,7 @@ nav:
- 二叉树Binary Tree: chapter_tree/binary_tree.md
- 二叉树常见类型: chapter_tree/binary_tree_types.md
- 二叉搜索树: chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.md
- AVL 树: chapter_tree/avl_tree.md
- 小结: chapter_tree/summary.md
- 查找算法:
- 线性查找: chapter_searching/linear_search.md