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ch5-3: fmt code
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ch5/ch5-03.md
122
ch5/ch5-03.md
@ -4,43 +4,38 @@
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下面的程序是findlinks的改進版本。脩改後的findlinks可以自己發起HTTP請求,這樣我們就不必再運行fetch。因爲HTTP請求和解析操作可能會失敗,因此findlinks聲明了2個返迴值:鏈接列表和錯誤信息。一般而言,HTML的解析器可以處理HTML頁面的錯誤結點,構造出HTML頁面結構,所以解析HTML很少失敗。這意味着如果findlinks函數失敗了,很可能是由於I/O的錯誤導致的。
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```
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```Go
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gopl.io/ch5/findlinks2
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func main() {
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for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
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links, err := findLinks(url)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "findlinks2: %v\n",
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err)
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continue
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}
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for _, link := range links {
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fmt.Println(link)
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}
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}
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for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
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links, err := findLinks(url)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "findlinks2: %v\n", err)
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continue
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}
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for _, link := range links {
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fmt.Println(link)
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}
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}
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}
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// findLinks performs an HTTP GET request for url, parses
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the
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// findLinks performs an HTTP GET request for url, parses the
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// response as HTML, and extracts and returns the links.
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func findLinks(url string) ([]string, error) {
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resp, err := http.Get(url)
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if err != nil {
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return nil, err
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}
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if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
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resp.Body.Close()
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return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting %s: %s", url,
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resp.Status)
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}
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doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
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resp.Body.Close()
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if err != nil {
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return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing %s as HTML: %v",
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url, err)
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}
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return visit(nil, doc), nil
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resp, err := http.Get(url)
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if err != nil {
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return nil, err
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}
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if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
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resp.Body.Close()
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return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting %s: %s", url, resp.Status)
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}
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doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
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resp.Body.Close()
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if err != nil {
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return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing %s as HTML: %v", url, err)
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}
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return visit(nil, doc), nil
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}
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```
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@ -50,26 +45,28 @@ return visit(nil, doc), nil
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調用多返迴值函數時,返迴給調用者的是一組值,調用者必鬚顯式的將這些值分配給變量:
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```
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```Go
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links, err := findLinks(url)
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```
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如果某個值不被使用,可以將其分配給blank identifier:
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```
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```Go
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links, _ := findLinks(url) // errors ignored
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```
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一個函數內部可以將另一個有多返迴值的函數作爲返迴值,下面的例子展示了與findLinks有相同功能的函數,兩者的區别在於下面的例子先輸出參數:
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```
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```Go
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func findLinksLog(url string) ([]string, error) {
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log.Printf("findLinks %s", url)
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return findLinks(url)
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log.Printf("findLinks %s", url)
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return findLinks(url)
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}
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```
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當你調用接受多參數的函數時,可以將一個返迴多參數的函數作爲該函數的參數。雖然這很少出現在實際生産代碼中,但這個特性在debug時很方便,我們隻需要一條語句就可以輸出所有的返迴值。下面的代碼是等價的:
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```
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```Go
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log.Println(findLinks(url))
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links, err := findLinks(url)
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log.Println(links, err)
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@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ log.Println(links, err)
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準確的變量名可以傳達函數返迴值的含義。尤其在返迴值的類型都相同時,就像下面這樣:
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```
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```Go
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func Size(rect image.Rectangle) (width, height int)
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func Split(path string) (dir, file string)
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func HourMinSec(t time.Time) (hour, minute, second int)
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@ -87,35 +84,34 @@ func HourMinSec(t time.Time) (hour, minute, second int)
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如果一個函數將所有的返迴值都顯示的變量名,那麽該函數的return語句可以省略操作數。這稱之爲bare return。
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```
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// CountWordsAndImages does an HTTP GET request for the
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HTML
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// document url and returns the number of words and images
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in it.
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func CountWordsAndImages(url string) (words, images int,
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err error) {
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resp, err := http.Get(url)
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if err != nil {
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return
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}
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doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
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resp.Body.Close()
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if err != nil {
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err = fmt.Errorf("parsing HTML: %s", err)
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return
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```Go
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// CountWordsAndImages does an HTTP GET request for the HTML
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// document url and returns the number of words and images in it.
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func CountWordsAndImages(url string) (words, images int, err error) {
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resp, err := http.Get(url)
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if err != nil {
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return
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}
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doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
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resp.Body.Close()
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if err != nil {
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err = fmt.Errorf("parsing HTML: %s", err)
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return
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}
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words, images = countWordsAndImages(doc)
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return
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}
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words, images = countWordsAndImages(doc)
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return
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}
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func countWordsAndImages(n *html.Node) (words, images int)
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{ /* ... */ }
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func countWordsAndImages(n *html.Node) (words, images int) { /* ... */ }
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```
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bare return 按照返迴值列表的次序,返迴所有的返迴值,在上面的例子中,每一個return語句等價於:
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```
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按照返迴值列表的次序,返迴所有的返迴值,在上面的例子中,每一個return語句等價於:
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```Go
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return words, images, err
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```
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當一個函數有多處return語句以及許多返迴值時,bare return 可以減少代碼的重複,但是使得代碼難以被理解。舉個例子,如果你沒有仔細的審査代碼,很難發現前2處return等價於 return 0,0,err(Go會將返迴值 words和images在函數體的開始處,根據它們的類型,將其初始化爲0),最後一處return等價於 return words,image,nil。基於以上原因,不宜過度使用bare return。
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練習 **5.5**: 實現countWordsAndImages。(參考練習4.9如何分詞)
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練習 **5.6**: 脩改gopl.io/ch3/surface (§3.2) 中的corner函數,將返迴值命名,併使用bare return。
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**練習 5.5:** 實現countWordsAndImages。(參考練習4.9如何分詞)
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**練習 5.6:** 脩改gopl.io/ch3/surface (§3.2) 中的corner函數,將返迴值命名,併使用bare return。
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