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2332 lines
93 KiB
HTML
2332 lines
93 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<html lang="zh-tw" >
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<title>結構體 | Go语言圣经</title>
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<link rel="next" href="../ch4/ch4-05.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="book"
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data-level="4.4"
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data-chapter-title="結構體"
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data-filepath="ch4/ch4-04.md"
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data-basepath=".."
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data-revision="Sat Jan 02 2016 16:00:23 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)"
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data-innerlanguage="">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0" data-path="index.html">
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<a href="../index.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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前言
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.1" data-path="ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.1.</b>
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Go語言起源
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.2" data-path="ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.2.</b>
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Go語言項目
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.3" data-path="ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.3.</b>
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本書的組織
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.4" data-path="ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.4.</b>
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更多的信息
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.5" data-path="ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.5.</b>
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致謝
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1" data-path="ch1/ch1.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.</b>
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入門
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.1.</b>
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Hello, World
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2" data-path="ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.2.</b>
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命令行參數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.3.</b>
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査找重複的行
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.4.</b>
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GIF動畵
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.5.</b>
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獲取URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.6.</b>
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併發獲取多個URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.7.</b>
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Web服務
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.8.</b>
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本章要點
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2" data-path="ch2/ch2.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.</b>
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程序結構
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.1.</b>
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命名
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.2.</b>
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聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.3.</b>
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變量
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.4.</b>
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賦值
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.5.</b>
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類型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6" data-path="ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.6.</b>
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包和文件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7" data-path="ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.7.</b>
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作用域
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3" data-path="ch3/ch3.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.</b>
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基礎數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.1.</b>
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整型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.2.</b>
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浮點數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.3" data-path="ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.3.</b>
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複數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4" data-path="ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.4.</b>
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布爾型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5" data-path="ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.5.</b>
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字符串
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6" data-path="ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.6.</b>
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常量
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4" data-path="ch4/ch4.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.</b>
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複合數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.1.</b>
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數組
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.2.</b>
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Slice
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3" data-path="ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.3.</b>
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Map
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter active" data-level="4.4" data-path="ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.4.</b>
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結構體
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.5.</b>
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JSON
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.6.</b>
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文本和HTML模闆
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5" data-path="ch5/ch5.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.</b>
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函數
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.1.</b>
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函數聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="ch5/ch5-02.html">
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|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
遞歸
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
多返迴值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
錯誤
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
函數值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7" data-path="ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
可變參數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8" data-path="ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Deferred函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9" data-path="ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
Panic異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10" data-path="ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
Recover捕獲異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6" data-path="ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於指針對象的方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法值和方法表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: Bit數組
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
封裝
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7" data-path="ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口是合約
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
實現接口的條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
flag.Value接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.5" data-path="ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6" data-path="ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
sort.Interface接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7" data-path="ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
http.Handler接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.8" data-path="ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
error接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.9" data-path="ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 表達式求值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.10" data-path="ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型斷言
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.11" data-path="ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.11.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.12" data-path="ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.12.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過類型斷言査詢接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.13" data-path="ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.13.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型分支
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.14" data-path="ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.14.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.15" data-path="ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.15.</b>
|
|
|
|
補充幾點
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8" data-path="ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Clock服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Echo服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
併行的循環
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.6" data-path="ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7" data-path="ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於select的多路複用
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.8" data-path="ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的字典遍歷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.9" data-path="ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
併發的退出
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.10" data-path="ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 聊天服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9" data-path="ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於共享變量的併發
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.1" data-path="ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
競爭條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.2" data-path="ch9/ch9-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
sync.Mutex互斥鎖
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3" data-path="ch9/ch9-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
|
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</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.4" data-path="ch9/ch9-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
內存同步
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5" data-path="ch9/ch9-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
sync.Once初始化
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6" data-path="ch9/ch9-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
競爭條件檢測
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
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</li>
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7" data-path="ch9/ch9-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
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</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8" data-path="ch9/ch9-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和線程
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
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</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10" data-path="ch10/ch10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
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<b>10.</b>
|
|
|
|
包和工具
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1" data-path="ch10/ch10-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>10.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
簡介
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2" data-path="ch10/ch10-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>10.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
導入路徑
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.3" data-path="ch10/ch10-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
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<b>10.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
包聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.4" data-path="ch10/ch10-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>10.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
導入聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.5" data-path="ch10/ch10-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>10.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名導入
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.6" data-path="ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>10.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
包和命名
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.7" data-path="ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>10.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
工具
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11" data-path="ch11/ch11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.1" data-path="ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
go test
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.2" data-path="ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.3" data-path="ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試覆蓋率
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.4" data-path="ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
基準測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.5" data-path="ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
剖析
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.6" data-path="ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12" data-path="ch12/ch12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.</b>
|
|
|
|
反射
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.1" data-path="ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
爲何需要反射?
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.2" data-path="ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.3" data-path="ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
Display遞歸打印
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.4" data-path="ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 編碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.5" data-path="ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過reflect.Value脩改值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.6" data-path="ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 解碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.7" data-path="ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
獲取結構體字段標識
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.8" data-path="ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
顯示一個類型的方法集
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.9" data-path="ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13" data-path="ch13/ch13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.</b>
|
|
|
|
底層編程
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.1" data-path="ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.2" data-path="ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Pointer
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.3" data-path="ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 深度相等判斷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.4" data-path="ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過cgo調用C代碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.5" data-path="ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="14" data-path="CONTRIBUTORS.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../CONTRIBUTORS.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>14.</b>
|
|
|
|
附録
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
|
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
</div>
|
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|
|
<div class="book-body">
|
|
<div class="body-inner">
|
|
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
|
<!-- Actions Left -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Title -->
|
|
<h1>
|
|
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
|
<a href="../" >Go语言圣经</a>
|
|
</h1>
|
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</div>
|
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|
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
|
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<div class="page-inner">
|
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|
|
|
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<section class="normal" id="section-">
|
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|
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<h2 id="44-結構體">4.4. 結構體</h2>
|
|
<p>結構體是一種聚合的數據類型，由零個或多個任意類型的值聚合成的實體。每個值稱爲結構體的成員。是用結構體的經典案例處理公司的員工信息，每個員工信息包含一個唯一的員工編號、員工的名字、家庭住址、出生日期、工作崗位、薪資、上級領導等等。所有的這些成員都需要綁定到一個實體，可以作爲一個整體單元被複製，作爲函數的參數或返迴值，或者是被存儲到數組中，等等。</p>
|
|
<p>下面兩個語句分别聲明了一個叫Employee的結構體類型，併且聲明了一個Employee類型的變量dilbert：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Employee <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
ID <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
|
|
Address <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
|
|
DoB time.Time
|
|
Position <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
|
|
Salary <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
ManagerID <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> dilbert Employee
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>dilbert結構體變量的成員可以通過點操作符訪問，比如dilbert.Name和dilbert.DoB。因爲dilbert是一個變量，它所有的成員也同樣是變量，我們可以對每個成員賦值：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">dilbert.Salary -= <span class="hljs-number">5000</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// demoted, for writing too few lines of code</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>或者是對成員取地址，然後通過指針訪問：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">position := &dilbert.Position
|
|
*position = <span class="hljs-string">"Senior "</span> + *position <span class="hljs-comment">// promoted, for outsourcing to Elbonia</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>點操作符也可以和指向結構體的指針一起工作：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> employeeOfTheMonth *Employee = &dilbert
|
|
employeeOfTheMonth.Position += <span class="hljs-string">" (proactive team player)"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>相當於下面語句</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">(*employeeOfTheMonth).Position += <span class="hljs-string">" (proactive team player)"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>EmployeeByID函數將根據給定的員工ID返迴對應的員工信息結構體的指針。我們可以使用點操作符來訪問它里面的成員：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> EmployeeByID(id <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) *Employee { <span class="hljs-comment">/* ... */</span> }
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(EmployeeByID(dilbert.ManagerID).Position) <span class="hljs-comment">// "Pointy-haired boss"</span>
|
|
|
|
id := dilbert.ID
|
|
EmployeeByID(id).Salary = <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// fired for... no real reason</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>後面的語句通過EmployeeByID返迴的結構體指針更新了Employee結構體的成員。如果將EmployeeByID函數的返迴值從<code>*Employee</code>指針類型改爲Employee值類型，那麽更新語句將不能編譯通過，因爲在賦值語句的左邊併不確定是一個變量。</p>
|
|
<p>通常一行對應一個結構體成員，成員的名字在前類型在後，不過如果相鄰的成員類型如果相同的話可以被合併到一行，就像下面的Name和Address成員那樣：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Employee <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
ID <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
Name, Address <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
|
|
DoB time.Time
|
|
Position <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
|
|
Salary <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
ManagerID <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>結構體成員的輸入順序也有重要的意義。我們也可以將Position成員合併（因爲也是字符串類型），或者是交換Name和Address出現的先後順序，那樣的話就是定義了不同的結構體類型。通常，我們隻是將相關的成員合併到一起。</p>
|
|
<p>如果結構體成員名字是以大寫字母開頭的，那麽該成員就是導出的；這是Go語言導出規則決定的。一個結構體可能同時包含導出和未導出的成員。</p>
|
|
<p>結構體類型往往是冗長的，因爲它的每個成員可能都會占一行。雖然我們每次都可以重寫整個結構體成員，但是重複會令人厭煩。因此，完整的結構體寫法通常隻在類型聲明語句的地方出現，就像Employee類型聲明語句那樣。</p>
|
|
<p>一個命名爲S的結構體類型將不能再包含S類型的成員：一個聚合的值不能包含它自身。（該限製同樣適應於數組。）但是S類型的結構體可以包含<code>*S</code>指針類型的成員，這可以讓我們創建遞歸的數據結構，比如鏈表和樹結構等。在下面的代碼中，我們使用一個二叉樹來實現一個插入排序：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">gopl.io/ch4/treesort
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> tree <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
value <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
left, right *tree
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Sort sorts values in place.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> Sort(values []<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> root *tree
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> _, v := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> values {
|
|
root = add(root, v)
|
|
}
|
|
appendValues(values[:<span class="hljs-number">0</span>], root)
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// appendValues appends the elements of t to values in order</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// and returns the resulting slice.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> appendValues(values []<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>, t *tree) []<span class="hljs-typename">int</span> {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> t != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
|
|
values = appendValues(values, t.left)
|
|
values = <span class="hljs-built_in">append</span>(values, t.value)
|
|
values = appendValues(values, t.right)
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> values
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> add(t *tree, value <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) *tree {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> t == <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Equivalent to return &tree{value: value}.</span>
|
|
t = <span class="hljs-built_in">new</span>(tree)
|
|
t.value = value
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> t
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> value < t.value {
|
|
t.left = add(t.left, value)
|
|
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
|
|
t.right = add(t.right, value)
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> t
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>結構體類型的零值是每個成員都對是零值。通常會將零值作爲最合理的默認值。例如，在bytes.Buffer類型，結構體初始值就是一個隨時可用的空緩存，還有在第9章將會講到的sync.Mutex的零值也是有效的未鎖狀態。有時候這種零值可用的特性是自然獲得的，但是也有些類型需要一些額外的工作。</p>
|
|
<p>如果結構體沒有任何成員的話就是空結構體，寫作struct{}。它的大小爲0，也不包含任何信息，但是有時候依然是有價值的。有些Go語言程序員用map帶模擬set數據結構時，用它來代替map中布爾類型的value，隻是強調key的重要性，但是因爲節約的空間有限，而且語法比較複雜，所有我們通常避免避免這樣的用法。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">seen := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span>{}) <span class="hljs-comment">// set of strings</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> _, ok := seen[s]; !ok {
|
|
seen[s] = <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span>{}{}
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...first time seeing s...</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h3 id="441-結構體面值">4.4.1. 結構體面值</h3>
|
|
<p>結構體值可以用結構體面值表示，結構體面值可以指定每個成員的值。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Point <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span>{ X, Y <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> }
|
|
|
|
p := Point{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>這里有兩種形式的結構體面值語法，上面的是第一種寫法，要求以結構體成員定義的順序爲每個結構體成員指定一個面值。它要求寫代碼和讀代碼的人要記住結構體的每個成員的類型和順序，併且結構體成員有細微的調整就可能導致上述代碼不能編譯。因此，上述的語法一般隻在定義結構體的包內部使用，或者是在較小的結構體中使用，這些結構體的成員排列比較規則，比如image.Point{x, y}或color.RGBA{red, green, blue, alpha}。</p>
|
|
<p>其實更常用的是第二種寫法，以成員名字和相應的值來初始化，可以包含部分或全部的成員，如1.4節的Lissajous程序的寫法：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">anim := gif.GIF{LoopCount: nframes}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>在這種形式的結構體面值寫法中，如果成員被忽略的話將默認用零值。因爲，提供了成員的名字，所有成員出現的順序併不重要。</p>
|
|
<p>兩種不同形式的寫法不能混合使用。而且，你不能企圖在外部包中用第一種順序賦值的技巧來偷偷地初始化結構體中未導出的成員。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> p
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> T <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span>{ a, b <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> } <span class="hljs-comment">// a and b are not exported</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> q
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> <span class="hljs-string">"p"</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> _ = p.T{a: <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, b: <span class="hljs-number">2</span>} <span class="hljs-comment">// compile error: can't reference a, b</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> _ = p.T{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>} <span class="hljs-comment">// compile error: can't reference a, b</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>雖然上面最後一行代碼的編譯錯誤信息中併沒有顯式提到未導出的成員，但是這樣企圖隱式使用未導出成員的行爲也是不允許的。</p>
|
|
<p>結構體可以作爲函數的參數和返迴值。例如，這個Scale函數將Point類型的值縮放後返迴：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> Scale(p Point, factor <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) Point {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Point{p.X * factor, p.Y * factor}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(Scale(Point{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>}, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>)) <span class="hljs-comment">// "{5 10}"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>如果考慮效率的話，較大的結構體通常會用指針的方式傳入和返迴，</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> Bonus(e *Employee, percent <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> e.Salary * percent / <span class="hljs-number">100</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>如果要在函數內部脩改結構體成員的話，用指針傳入是必鬚的；因爲在Go語言中，所有的函數參數都是值拷貝出入的，函數參數將不再是函數調用時的原始變量。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> AwardAnnualRaise(e *Employee) {
|
|
e.Salary = e.Salary * <span class="hljs-number">105</span> / <span class="hljs-number">100</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>因爲結構體通常通過指針處理，可以用下面的寫法來創建併初始化一個結構體變量，併返迴結構體的地址：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">pp := &Point{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>它是下面的語句是等價的</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">pp := <span class="hljs-built_in">new</span>(Point)
|
|
*pp = Point{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>不過&Point{1, 2}寫法可以直接在表達式中使用，比如一個函數調用。</p>
|
|
<h3 id="442-結構體比較">4.4.2. 結構體比較</h3>
|
|
<p>如果結構體的全部成員都是可以比較的，那麽結構體也是可以比較的，那樣的話兩個結構體將可以使用==或!=運算符進行比較。相等比較運算符==將比較兩個結構體的每個成員，因此下面兩個比較的表達式是等價的：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Point <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span>{ X, Y <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> }
|
|
|
|
p := Point{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>}
|
|
q := Point{<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>}
|
|
fmt.Println(p.X == q.X && p.Y == q.Y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "false"</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(p == q) <span class="hljs-comment">// "false"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>可比較的結構體類型和其他可比較的類型一樣，可以用於map的key類型。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> address <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
hostname <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
|
|
port <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
hits := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[address]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>)
|
|
hits[address{<span class="hljs-string">"golang.org"</span>, <span class="hljs-number">443</span>}]++
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h3 id="443-結構體嵌入和匿名成員">4.4.3. 結構體嵌入和匿名成員</h3>
|
|
<p>在本節中，我們將看到如果使用Go語言提供的不同尋常的結構體嵌入機製讓一個命名的結構體包含另一個結構體類型的匿名成員，這樣就可以通過簡單的點運算符x.f來訪問匿名成員鏈中嵌套的x.d.e.f成員。</p>
|
|
<p>考慮一個二維的繪圖程序，提供了一個各種圖形的庫，例如矩形、橢圓形、星形和輪形等幾何形狀。這里是其中兩個的定義：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Circle <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
X, Y, Radius <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Wheel <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
X, Y, Radius, Spokes <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>一個Circle代表的圓形類型包含了標準圓心的X和Y坐標信息，和一個Radius表示的半徑信息。一個Wheel輪形除了包含Circle類型所有的全部成員外，還增加了Spokes表示徑向輻條的數量。我們可以這樣創建一個wheel變量：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> w Wheel
|
|
w.X = <span class="hljs-number">8</span>
|
|
w.Y = <span class="hljs-number">8</span>
|
|
w.Radius = <span class="hljs-number">5</span>
|
|
w.Spokes = <span class="hljs-number">20</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>隨着庫中幾何形狀數量的增多，我們一定會註意到它們之間的相似和重複之處，所以我們可能爲了便於維護而將相同的屬性獨立出來：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Point <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
X, Y <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Circle <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
Center Point
|
|
Radius <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Wheel <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
Circle Circle
|
|
Spokes <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>這樣改動之後結構體類型變的清晰了，但是這種脩改同時也導致了訪問每個成員變得繁瑣：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> w Wheel
|
|
w.Circle.Center.X = <span class="hljs-number">8</span>
|
|
w.Circle.Center.Y = <span class="hljs-number">8</span>
|
|
w.Circle.Radius = <span class="hljs-number">5</span>
|
|
w.Spokes = <span class="hljs-number">20</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Go語言有一個特性讓我們隻聲明一個成員對應的數據類型而不指名成員的名字；這類成員就叫匿名成員。匿名成員的數據類型必鬚是命名的類型或指向一個命名的類型的指針。下面的代碼中，Circle和Wheel各自都有一個匿名成員。我們可以説Point類型被嵌入了Circle結構體，同時Circle類型被嵌入了Wheel結構體。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Circle <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
Point
|
|
Radius <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Wheel <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
Circle
|
|
Spokes <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>得意於匿名嵌入的特性，我們可以直接訪問葉子屬性而不需要給出完整的路徑：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> w Wheel
|
|
w.X = <span class="hljs-number">8</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// equivalent to w.Circle.Point.X = 8</span>
|
|
w.Y = <span class="hljs-number">8</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// equivalent to w.Circle.Point.Y = 8</span>
|
|
w.Radius = <span class="hljs-number">5</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// equivalent to w.Circle.Radius = 5</span>
|
|
w.Spokes = <span class="hljs-number">20</span>
|
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</code></pre>
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<p>在右邊的註釋中給出的顯式形式訪問這些葉子成員的語法依然有效，因此匿名成員併不是眞的無法訪問了。其中匿名成員Circle和Point都有自己的名字——就是命名的類型名字——但是這些名字在點操作符中是可選的。我們在訪問子成員的時候可以忽略任何匿名成員部分。</p>
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<p>不幸的是，結構體字面值併沒有簡短表示匿名成員的語法， 因此下面的語句都不能編譯通過：</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-Go">w = Wheel{<span class="hljs-number">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>} <span class="hljs-comment">// compile error: unknown fields</span>
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w = Wheel{X: <span class="hljs-number">8</span>, Y: <span class="hljs-number">8</span>, Radius: <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, Spokes: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>} <span class="hljs-comment">// compile error: unknown fields</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p>結構體字面值必鬚遵循形狀類型聲明時的結構，所以我們隻能用下面的兩種語法，它們彼此是等價的：</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-Go">gopl.io/ch4/embed
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w = Wheel{Circle{Point{<span class="hljs-number">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number">8</span>}, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>}, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>}
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w = Wheel{
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Circle: Circle{
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Point: Point{X: <span class="hljs-number">8</span>, Y: <span class="hljs-number">8</span>},
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Radius: <span class="hljs-number">5</span>,
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},
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Spokes: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>, <span class="hljs-comment">// <span class="hljs-doctag">NOTE:</span> trailing comma necessary here (and at Radius)</span>
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}
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fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%#v\n"</span>, w)
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Output:</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Wheel{Circle:Circle{Point:Point{X:8, Y:8}, Radius:5}, Spokes:20}</span>
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w.X = <span class="hljs-number">42</span>
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fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%#v\n"</span>, w)
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Output:</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Wheel{Circle:Circle{Point:Point{X:42, Y:8}, Radius:5}, Spokes:20}</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p>需要註意的是Printf函數中%v參數包含的#副詞，它表示用和Go語言類似的語法打印值。對於結構體類型來説，將包含每個成員的名字。</p>
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<p>因爲匿名成員也有一個隱式的名字，因此不能同時包含兩個類型相同的匿名成員，這會導致名字衝突。同時，因爲成員的名字是由其類型隱式地決定的，所有匿名成員也有可見性的規則約束。在上面的例子中，Point和Circle匿名成員都是導出的。卽使它們不導出（比如改成小寫字母開頭的point和circle），我們依然可以用簡短形式訪問匿名成員嵌套的成員</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-Go">w.X = <span class="hljs-number">8</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// equivalent to w.circle.point.X = 8</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p>但是在包外部，因爲circle和point沒有導出不能訪問它們的成員，因此簡短語法也是禁止的。</p>
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<p>到目前未知，我們看到匿名成員特性隻是對訪問嵌套成員的點運算符提供了簡短的語法醣。稍後，我們將會看到匿名成員併不要求是結構體類型；其實任何命令的類型都可以作爲結構體的匿名成員。但是爲什麽要嵌入一個沒有任何子成員類型的匿名成員類型呢？</p>
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<p>答案是匿名類型的方法集。簡短的點運算符語法可以用於選擇匿名成員嵌套的成員，也可以用於訪問它們的方法。實際上，外層的結構體不僅僅是獲得了匿名成員類型的所有成員，而且也獲得了該類型導出的全部的方法。這個機製可以用於將一個有簡單行爲的對象組合成有複雜行爲的對象。組合是Go語言中面向對象編程的覈心，我們將在6.3節中專門討論。</p>
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