2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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comments: true
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---
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# 列表
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**由于长度不可变,数组的实用性大大降低。** 在很多情况下,我们事先并不知道会输入多少数据,这就为数组长度的选择带来了很大困难。长度选小了,需要在添加数据中频繁地扩容数组;长度选大了,又造成内存空间的浪费。
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为了解决此问题,诞生了一种被称为「列表 List」的数据结构。列表可以被理解为长度可变的数组,因此也常被称为「动态数组 Dynamic Array」。列表基于数组实现,继承了数组的优点,同时还可以在程序运行中实时扩容。在列表中,我们可以自由地添加元素,而不用担心超过容量限制。
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## 列表常用操作
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**初始化列表。** 我们通常使用 `Integer[]` 包装类和 `Arrays.asList()` 作为中转,来初始化一个带有初始值的列表。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="list.java"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 注意数组的元素类型是 int[] 的包装类 Integer[]
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Integer[] numbers = new Integer[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numbers));
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="list.cpp"
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 初始化列表 */
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vector<int> list = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="list.py"
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2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
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""" 初始化列表 """
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list = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="list.go"
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="list.js"
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2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
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/* 初始化列表 */
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const list = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="list.ts"
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2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
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/* 初始化列表 */
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const list: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="list.c"
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="list.cs"
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```
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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**访问与更新元素。** 列表的底层数据结构是数组,因此可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内访问与更新元素,效率很高。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="list.java"
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/* 访问元素 */
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int num = list.get(1); // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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list.set(1, 0); // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="list.cpp"
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 访问元素 */
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int num = list[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 更新元素 */
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list[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="list.py"
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2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
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""" 访问元素 """
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num = list[1] # 访问索引 1 处的元素
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""" 更新元素 """
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list[1] = 0 # 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="list.go"
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="list.js"
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2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
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/* 访问元素 */
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const num = list[1];
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2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
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/* 更新元素 */
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list[1] = 0;
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="list.ts"
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2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
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/* 访问元素 */
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const num: number = list[1];
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
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/* 更新元素 */
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list[1] = 0;
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="list.c"
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="list.cs"
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```
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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**在列表中添加、插入、删除元素。** 相对于数组,列表可以自由地添加与删除元素。在列表尾部添加元素的时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,但是插入与删除元素的效率仍与数组一样低,时间复杂度为 $O(N)$ 。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="list.java"
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/* 清空列表 */
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list.clear();
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/* 尾部添加元素 */
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list.add(1);
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list.add(3);
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list.add(2);
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list.add(5);
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list.add(4);
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/* 中间插入元素 */
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list.add(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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list.remove(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="list.cpp"
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 清空列表 */
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list.clear();
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/* 尾部添加元素 */
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list.push_back(1);
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list.push_back(3);
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list.push_back(2);
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list.push_back(5);
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list.push_back(4);
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/* 中间插入元素 */
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list.insert(list.begin() + 3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 删除元素 */
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list.erase(list.begin() + 3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="list.py"
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2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
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""" 清空列表 """
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list.clear()
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""" 尾部添加元素 """
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list.append(1)
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list.append(3)
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list.append(2)
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list.append(5)
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list.append(4)
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""" 中间插入元素 """
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list.insert(3, 6) # 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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""" 删除元素 """
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list.pop(3) # 删除索引 3 处的元素
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="list.go"
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="list.js"
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2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
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/* 清空列表 */
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list.length = 0;
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/* 尾部添加元素 */
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list.push(1);
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list.push(3);
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list.push(2);
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list.push(5);
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list.push(4);
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/* 中间插入元素 */
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list.splice(3, 0, 6);
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2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
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/* 删除元素 */
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list.splice(3, 1);
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="list.ts"
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2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
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/* 清空列表 */
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list.length = 0;
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/* 尾部添加元素 */
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list.push(1);
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list.push(3);
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list.push(2);
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list.push(5);
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list.push(4);
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/* 中间插入元素 */
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list.splice(3, 0, 6);
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2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
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/* 删除元素 */
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list.splice(3, 1);
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="list.c"
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="list.cs"
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```
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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**遍历列表。** 与数组一样,列表可以使用索引遍历,也可以使用 `for-each` 直接遍历。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="list.java"
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/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
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int count = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
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count++;
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}
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/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
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count = 0;
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for (int n : list) {
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count++;
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="list.cpp"
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
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int count = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
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count++;
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}
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
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/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
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count = 0;
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for (int n : list) {
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count++;
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}
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="list.py"
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2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
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""" 通过索引遍历列表 """
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count = 0
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for i in range(len(list)):
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count += 1
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""" 直接遍历列表元素 """
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count = 0
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for n in list:
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count += 1
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2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
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```
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2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="list.go"
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="list.js"
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2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
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/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
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let count = 0;
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for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (const n of list) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (const n of list) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
**拼接两个列表。** 再创建一个新列表 `list1` ,我们可以将其中一个列表拼接到另一个的尾部。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(new Integer[] { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 }));
|
|
|
|
|
list.addAll(list1); // 将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="list.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
vector<int> list1 = { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 };
|
|
|
|
|
// 将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后
|
|
|
|
|
list.insert(list.end(), list1.begin(), list1.end());
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="list.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 拼接两个列表 """
|
|
|
|
|
list1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9]
|
|
|
|
|
list += list1 # 将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js title="list.js"
|
2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
const list1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
|
|
|
|
list.push(...list1);
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
const list1: number[] = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
|
|
|
|
list.push(...list1);
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
**排序列表。** 排序也是常用的方法之一,完成列表排序后,我们就可以使用在数组类算法题中经常考察的「二分查找」和「双指针」算法了。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
Collections.sort(list); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="list.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
sort(list.begin(), list.end()); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="list.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 排序列表 """
|
|
|
|
|
list.sort() # 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js title="list.js"
|
2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
list.sort((a, b) => a - b);
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
list.sort((a, b) => a - b); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
## 列表简易实现 *
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
为了帮助加深对列表的理解,我们在此提供一个列表的简易版本的实现。需要关注三个核心点:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **初始容量:** 选取一个合理的数组的初始容量 `initialCapacity` 。在本示例中,我们选择 10 作为初始容量。
|
|
|
|
|
- **数量记录:** 需要声明一个变量 `size` ,用来记录列表当前有多少个元素,并随着元素插入与删除实时更新。根据此变量,可以定位列表的尾部,以及判断是否需要扩容。
|
|
|
|
|
- **扩容机制:** 插入元素有可能导致超出列表容量,此时需要扩容列表,方法是建立一个更大的数组来替换当前数组。需要给定一个扩容倍数 `extendRatio` ,在本示例中,我们规定每次将数组扩容至之前的 2 倍。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
本示例是为了帮助读者对如何实现列表产生直观的认识。实际编程语言中,列表的实现远比以下代码复杂且标准,感兴趣的读者可以查阅源码学习。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="my_list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
private int[] nums; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
private int capacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private int size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
private int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
public MyList() {
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums = new int[capacity];
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
public int size() {
|
|
|
|
|
return size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
public int capacity() {
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
return capacity;
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int get(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
return nums[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void set(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void add(int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
if (size == capacity())
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
nums[size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
public void insert(int index, int num) {
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
if (size == capacity())
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
for (int j = size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
public int remove(int index) {
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
int num = nums[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
for (int j = index; j < size - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums = Arrays.copyOf(nums, capacity() * extendRatio);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
capacity = nums.length;
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="my_list.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
private:
|
|
|
|
|
int* nums; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
int numsCapacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
int numsSize = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
MyList() {
|
|
|
|
|
nums = new int[numsCapacity];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
int size() {
|
|
|
|
|
return numsSize;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
return numsCapacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int get(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size())
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
return nums[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void set(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size())
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void add(int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (size() == capacity())
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
nums[size()] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
numsSize++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size())
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (size() == capacity())
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = size() - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
numsSize++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
int remove(int index) {
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
if (index >= size())
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
int num = nums[index];
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = index; j < size() - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
numsSize--;
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
int newCapacity = capacity() * extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
int* extend = new int[newCapacity];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
int* temp = nums;
|
|
|
|
|
nums = extend;
|
|
|
|
|
delete[] temp;
|
|
|
|
|
numsCapacity = newCapacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="my_list.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 列表类简易实现 """
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList:
|
|
|
|
|
""" 构造函数 """
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
self.__capacity = 10 # 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
self.__nums = [0] * self.__capacity # 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
self.__size = 0 # 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
self.__extend_ratio = 2 # 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
""" 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量) """
|
|
|
|
|
def size(self):
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
return self.__size
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
""" 获取列表容量 """
|
|
|
|
|
def capacity(self):
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
return self.__capacity
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
""" 访问元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def get(self, index):
|
|
|
|
|
# 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
assert index < self.__size, "索引越界"
|
|
|
|
|
return self.__nums[index]
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
""" 更新元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def set(self, num, index):
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
assert index < self.__size, "索引越界"
|
|
|
|
|
self.__nums[index] = num
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 中间插入(尾部添加)元素 """
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
def add(self, num, index=-1):
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
assert index < self.__size, "索引越界"
|
2022-12-01 16:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 若不指定索引 index ,则向数组尾部添加元素
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
if index == -1:
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
index = self.__size
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
if self.__size == self.capacity():
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
self.extend_capacity()
|
|
|
|
|
# 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
for j in range(self.__size - 1, index - 1, -1):
|
|
|
|
|
self.__nums[j + 1] = self.__nums[j]
|
|
|
|
|
self.__nums[index] = num
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 更新元素数量
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
self.__size += 1
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
""" 删除元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(self, index):
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
assert index < self.__size, "索引越界"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
for j in range(index, self.__size - 1):
|
|
|
|
|
self.__nums[j] = self.__nums[j + 1]
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 更新元素数量
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
self.__size -= 1
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
""" 列表扩容 """
|
|
|
|
|
def extend_capacity(self):
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 新建一个长度为 self.__size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
self.__nums = self.__nums + [0] * self.capacity() * (self.__extend_ratio - 1)
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 更新列表容量
|
2022-11-29 18:27:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
self.__capacity = len(self.__nums)
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="my_list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js title="my_list.js"
|
2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
#nums = new Array(); // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
#capacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
#size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
#extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#nums = new Array(this.#capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
size() {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
get(index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this.#size) {
|
|
|
|
|
throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#nums[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-12 13:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
set(index, num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
this.#nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
add(num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 如果长度等于容量,则需要扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#size === this.#capacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将新元素添加到列表尾部
|
|
|
|
|
this.#nums[this.#size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
insert(index, num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this.#size) {
|
|
|
|
|
throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#size === this.#capacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = this.#size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#nums[j + 1] = this.#nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
remove(index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
let num = this.#nums[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = index; j < this.#size - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#nums[j] = this.#nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
this.#nums = this.#nums.concat(
|
|
|
|
|
new Array(this.capacity() * (this.#extendRatio - 1))
|
|
|
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity = this.#nums.length;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="my_list.ts"
|
2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
private nums: Array<number>; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
private _capacity: number = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private _size: number = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
private extendRatio: number = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.nums = new Array(this._capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
public size(): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return this._size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
public capacity(): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return this._capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public get(index: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this._size) {
|
|
|
|
|
throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return this.nums[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-11 19:22:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public set(index: number, num: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
this.nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public add(num: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 如果长度等于容量,则需要扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this._size === this._capacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将新元素添加到列表尾部
|
|
|
|
|
this.nums[this._size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this._size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public insert(index: number, num: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this._size) {
|
|
|
|
|
throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (this._size === this._capacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = this._size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.nums[j + 1] = this.nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this._size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public remove(index: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
let num = this.nums[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = index; j < this._size - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.nums[j] = this.nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this._size--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
public extendCapacity(): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
this.nums = this.nums.concat(
|
|
|
|
|
new Array(this.capacity() * (this.extendRatio - 1))
|
|
|
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
this._capacity = this.nums.length;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="my_list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="my_list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|