2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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# 使用 Django
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2019-03-08 04:21:07 +00:00
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> 本小节内容适合 `Python` 开发人员阅读。
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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我们现在将使用 `Docker Compose` 配置并运行一个 `Django/PostgreSQL` 应用。
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在一切工作开始前,需要先编辑好三个必要的文件。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-10-31 16:20:30 +00:00
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第一步,因为应用将要运行在一个满足所有环境依赖的 Docker 容器里面,那么我们可以通过编辑 `Dockerfile` 文件来指定 Docker 容器要安装内容。内容如下:
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2019-10-29 06:31:45 +00:00
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```docker
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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FROM python:3
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED 1
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RUN mkdir /code
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WORKDIR /code
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2019-07-03 03:47:02 +00:00
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COPY requirements.txt /code/
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
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2019-07-03 03:47:02 +00:00
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COPY . /code/
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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```
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2019-07-03 04:06:31 +00:00
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以上内容指定应用将使用安装了 Python 以及必要依赖包的镜像。更多关于如何编写 `Dockerfile` 文件的信息可以查看 [ Dockerfile 使用](../image/dockerfile/README.md)。
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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第二步,在 `requirements.txt` 文件里面写明需要安装的具体依赖包名。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-11-22 03:13:23 +00:00
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```bash
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2019-07-03 03:47:02 +00:00
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Django>=2.0,<3.0
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psycopg2>=2.7,<3.0
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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```
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2017-10-31 16:20:30 +00:00
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第三步,`docker-compose.yml` 文件将把所有的东西关联起来。它描述了应用的构成(一个 web 服务和一个数据库)、使用的 Docker 镜像、镜像之间的连接、挂载到容器的卷,以及服务开放的端口。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-10-31 16:20:30 +00:00
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```yaml
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version: "3"
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services:
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db:
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image: postgres
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2020-12-09 15:49:26 +00:00
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environment:
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POSTGRES_PASSWORD: 'postgres'
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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2017-10-31 16:20:30 +00:00
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web:
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build: .
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2019-07-03 03:47:02 +00:00
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command: python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
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2017-10-31 16:20:30 +00:00
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volumes:
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- .:/code
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ports:
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- "8000:8000"
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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```
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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2019-07-03 03:47:02 +00:00
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查看 [`docker-compose.yml` 章节](compose_file.md) 了解更多详细的工作机制。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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现在我们就可以使用 `docker-compose run` 命令启动一个 `Django` 应用了。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-11-22 03:13:23 +00:00
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```bash
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2019-07-03 03:47:02 +00:00
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$ docker-compose run web django-admin startproject django_example .
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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```
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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2019-07-03 03:47:02 +00:00
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由于 web 服务所使用的镜像并不存在,所以 Compose 会首先使用 `Dockerfile` 为 web 服务构建一个镜像,接着使用这个镜像在容器里运行 `django-admin startproject django_example` 指令。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-11-26 01:54:04 +00:00
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这将在当前目录生成一个 `Django` 应用。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-11-22 03:13:23 +00:00
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```bash
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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$ ls
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2017-05-24 03:13:57 +00:00
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Dockerfile docker-compose.yml django_example manage.py requirements.txt
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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```
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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如果你的系统是 Linux,记得更改文件权限。
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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2017-11-22 03:13:23 +00:00
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```bash
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2019-07-03 04:06:31 +00:00
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$ sudo chown -R $USER:$USER .
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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```
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首先,我们要为应用设置好数据库的连接信息。用以下内容替换 `django_example/settings.py` 文件中 `DATABASES = ...` 定义的节点内容。
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```python
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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DATABASES = {
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'default': {
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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'NAME': 'postgres',
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'USER': 'postgres',
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'HOST': 'db',
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'PORT': 5432,
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2020-12-09 15:49:26 +00:00
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'PASSWORD': 'postgres',
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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}
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}
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```
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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2018-12-14 11:08:14 +00:00
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这些信息是在 [postgres](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres/) 镜像固定设置好的。然后,运行 `docker-compose up` :
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2017-10-31 16:20:30 +00:00
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2017-11-22 03:13:23 +00:00
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```bash
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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$ docker-compose up
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django_db_1 is up-to-date
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Creating django_web_1 ...
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Creating django_web_1 ... done
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Attaching to django_db_1, django_web_1
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db_1 | The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
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db_1 | This user must also own the server process.
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db_1 |
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db_1 | The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.utf8".
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db_1 | The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
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db_1 | The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
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web_1 | Performing system checks...
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web_1 |
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web_1 | System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
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web_1 |
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web_1 | November 23, 2017 - 06:21:19
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web_1 | Django version 1.11.7, using settings 'django_example.settings'
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web_1 | Starting development server at http://0.0.0.0:8000/
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web_1 | Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
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2015-01-13 10:04:53 +00:00
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```
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2015-01-14 02:03:47 +00:00
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2017-11-26 01:54:04 +00:00
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这个 `Django` 应用已经开始在你的 Docker 守护进程里监听着 `8000` 端口了。打开 `127.0.0.1:8000` 即可看到 `Django` 欢迎页面。
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2017-11-23 07:48:52 +00:00
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你还可以在 Docker 上运行其它的管理命令,例如对于同步数据库结构这种事,在运行完 `docker-compose up` 后,在另外一个终端进入文件夹运行以下命令即可:
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2015-01-14 02:03:47 +00:00
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2017-11-22 03:13:23 +00:00
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```bash
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2016-11-25 14:24:48 +00:00
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$ docker-compose run web python manage.py syncdb
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```
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